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At the in-service stage, restraint is provided to the bottom flanges close to supports either by U-frame motion or by adding “knee braces” from the cross girders down to the bottom of the online. The alternative will rely upon the relative depths of the main and cross girders, but it must be noted that knee bracing is relatively expensive to fabricate. One essential facet of structural behaviour for cross girders is the bending moment on the ends the place they hook up with the primary girder. Although a considerable connection may be needed to transfer shear force, the moment generated at the ends of the cross girders is generated solely by the torsional stiffness of the primary girder. Since these are sometimes ‘I’ beams, the torsional stiffness and therefore cross girder end moments are small typically. Recommended girder proportionsElementProportioningCommentsGirder DepthSpan/20 to Span/30For broad ladder decks and easily supported spans, ratios … Read More